Alternative climate policy pathways in the US     

Robert MacNeil 《Climate Policy》2013,13(2):259-276

Although it is likely that the political–economic coalition required for implementing a federal cap-and-trade programme for GHGs in the US is now sufficiently strong, the structural impediments that have prevented its legislative passage remain impressively durable and can be expected to continue to lay waste to congressional proposals for the foreseeable future. Indeed, given the complex history of environmental policy gridlock in Washington since the early 1980s, any expectations that a cap-and-trade programme could have been realistically achieved through the traditional legislative passage in Congress are fundamentally misplaced. Building on previous research, it is argued that – as with most other forms of environmental policy in the US over the past three decades – a national carbon market is more plausible given alternative policy pathways, which if taken are capable of circumventing the Federal Congress altogether. In particular, the interaction between litigation against the federal government and the ‘rulemaking’ authority possessed by the Executive Branch provides the potential space for the current administration to unilaterally establish a model rule for a national carbon-trading programme.

Policy relevance

This article aims to contribute to American climate policy debates by re-thinking the policy mechanisms most capable of establishing a national carbon market in the US. By taking into account the array of structural factors that have prevented the legislative passage of such a programme in federal Congress, a range of alternative policy ‘pathways’ is considered that have historically allowed progressive environmental policies to endure in Washington (despite increased Congressional gridlock over the past few decades). Two specific alternative strategies and the relationship between them are assessed: the use of litigation to impose legal obligations on federal agencies to regulate effluents, and the use of executive authority to define the nature and scope of environmental regulation. The administration's current potential to unilaterally develop a model-rule for a cap-and-trade programme under the Clean Air Act is emphasized, and the political implications of such a strategy are considered.  相似文献   

PLAM指数跟踪方法对中国沙尘天气过程及其波动变化特征的研究     

王继志  杨元琴  王亚强  张光智 《气象与环境学报》2013,29(5):92-97

采用1980-2011年气象台站地面气象要素观测资料、高空探空资料,时间和空间加密气象观测站资料,以及中国气象档案馆原始天气图表等资料,基于沙尘气溶胶浓度（PM₁₀）潜势源地贡献函数PSCF（Potential source contribution function）的沙尘系统追踪方法,发展空气质量气象条件PLAM（……）指数对沙尘天气过程的路径跟踪,给出1980-2011年东北亚沙尘天气过程特征分布;采用Spline趋势分析,讨论沙尘天气系统强度的年变化特征。结果表明：基于气溶胶浓度PSCF函数和气象条件PLAM指数追踪得出,中国和东亚地区沙尘天气过程年际强度变化并非单调减弱,具有历史持续性与转折突变性并存的波状变化趋势,出现准10 a的高低频活动特征。  相似文献   

基于卫星遥感和地面观测资料的汾渭平原空气污染分析     

高星星  桂海林  潘留杰  王楠  王建鹏 《气象与环境学报》2020,36(4):36-44

选取中国汾渭平原地区作为研究对象,利用MODIS、OMI和CALIPSO多源卫星遥感资料,同时结合环境监测国控站点污染6要素等逐小时地面环境监测数据以及能见度、霾天气现象记录等地面气象要素资料,综合分析了2013—2018年秋冬季汾渭平原空气质量状况、气溶胶的组分,探讨了卫星遥感气溶胶光学厚度（Aerosol Optical Depth,AOD）与地面污染物浓度的关系,并结合中国气象局化学天气预报系统-EMI评估模式（CUACE-EMI）资料对气象条件和污染减排影响进行评估。结果表明：11个代表城市中有6个城市秋冬季有接近或超过一半的时刻处于污染状态,且污染发生时,各代表城市大多数时刻处于中度及其以上污染级别;三门峡、临汾、运城和西安是霾和重度霾高发的城市,其重度霾爆发频率高达11.63%—14.78%;汾渭平原秋冬季首要污染物为PM_2.5和PM₁₀,以污染沙尘、沙漠沙尘和烟尘为主,出现频率分别为36.24%、25.14%和22.96%;MODIS AOD与空气质量指数（Air Quality Index,AQI）、PM_2.5、PM₁₀质量浓度之间的相关系数分别为0.72、0.70和0.64;汾渭平原2018年气象条件的变化使PM_2.5浓度较2013年、2014年、2015年、2016年和2017年同期上升了17.06%、1.58%、4.34%、11.25%和5.75%,减排措施使PM_2.5浓度较2013年、2014年、2015年、2016年和2017年同期分别下降了8.74%、28.01%、4.93%、3.16%和42.62%。  相似文献   

东亚季风区近地面大气气溶胶中OCPs和PCBs纬度分布：以7Be为参照系     

杨永亮  耿存珍  李勇  张干  史双昕  朱晓华  焦杏春  谭科艳  于寒青 《地球化学》2014,(1):20-31

连续一年在北京、青岛、广州以每周3d的时间尺度同步采集近地面大气中气溶胶中7Be的测定数据以及在春、秋季节变换时期我国5个不同纬度城市大气气溶胶中7Be和典型持久性有机污染物（有机氯农药和多氯联苯1的同步观测数据,并对文献上发表的我国其他城市近地面大气中气溶胶中’Be年平均值数据进行了分析。通过对以上数据资料的总结和分析,观察到在东亚季风区近地表大气气溶胶中7Be浓度的年平均值呈现正态分布模式,并且在中纬度北纬40°N附近达到极大值。大气气溶胶中7Be在春、秋季节变换时期我国不同纬度城市的瞬时纬度分布仍呈现正态分布模式,但以30°N为最大值。在秋季大气颗粒相中HCHs和PCBs浓度最大值出现在30°N。气相中PCB-28所占百分比随纬度增高而增大,而颗粒相中PCB-28的纬度变化不大。蒸汽压较低的PCB-180在气相中的浓度基本上不随纬度变化,而颗粒相中PCB-180则基本上集中在纬度36。N左右,表明在东亚季风区大气中挥发性较低的POPs化合物具有某种纬度聚焦作用。以宇宙射线成因核素7Be作为大气环流的参照系,可以得出东亚季风区大气环流可影响持久性有机污染物纬度分布的结论。  相似文献   

区段控制浓度的一种定量化模型研究     

李亚民  王路光  王靖飞  李慈君 《地理与地理信息科学》2004,20(6):109-112

该文就总量控制工作进行理论探讨,提出控制平均浓度的排污等效模型,同时对计算区段控制浓度的确定进行定量化模型研究。该模型简便、易操作、实用性强,具有一定的理论意义和实用价值。  相似文献   

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WETLAND′S INFLOW DRY DIFFUSE DUST AND DIRT FROM IMPERVIOUS SURFACE     

Azam Khan  Saadat Ashraf 《湿地科学》2005,(4)

1INTRODUCTIONIn impervious area dry dustand dirtbuildup con-tains heavy metals,nutrients,pesticides and organ-ics.Many studies(APWA,1969;Sartor and Boyd,1972;Pitt and Amy,1973;Pitt,1979,1985;Yousef and Wanielista,1990;Wanielista andYousef,1993,Ball,et al.…  相似文献   

Distributions of secondary muons at sea level from cosmic gamma rays below 10 TeV     

J. Poirier  S. Roesler  A. Fass 《Astroparticle Physics》2002,17(4):1247-458

The Monte Carlo program is used to predict the distributions of the muons which originate from primary cosmic gamma rays and reach sea level. The main result is the angular distribution of muons produced by vertical gamma rays which is necessary to predict the inherent angular resolution of any instrument utilizing muons to infer properties of gamma ray primaries. Furthermore, various physical effects are discussed which affect these distributions in differing proportions.  相似文献   

Muon density measurements with the KASCADE central detector     

《Astroparticle Physics》2002,16(4):183-386

Frequency distributions of local muon densities in high-energy extensive air showers (EAS) are presented as signature of the primary cosmic ray energy spectrum in the knee region. Together with the gross shower variables like shower core position, angle of incidence, and the shower sizes, the KASCADE experiment is able to measure local muon densities for two different muon energy thresholds. The spectra have been reconstructed for various core distances, as well as for particular subsamples, classified on the basis of the shower size ratio N_μ/N_e. The measured density spectra of the total sample exhibit clear kinks reflecting the knee of the primary energy spectrum. While relatively sharp changes of the slopes are observed in the spectrum of EAS with small values of the shower size ratio, no such feature is detected at EAS of large N_μ/N_e ratio in the energy range of 1–10 PeV. Comparing the spectra for various thresholds and core distances with detailed Monte Carlo simulations the validity of EAS simulations is discussed.  相似文献   

The anisotropy of cosmic ray arrival directions around 10 eV     

N. Hayashida  M. Nagano  D. Nishikawa  H. Ohoka  N. Sakaki  M. Sasaki  M. Takeda  M. Teshima  R. Torii  T. Yamamoto  S. Yoshida  K. Honda  N. Kawasumi  I. Tsushima  N. Inoue  E. Kusano  K. Shinozaki  N. Souma  K. Kadota  F. Kakimoto  K. Kamata  S. Kawaguchi  Y. Kawasaki  H. Kitamura  Y. Matsubara  K. Murakami  Y. Uchihori  H. Yoshii 《Astroparticle Physics》1999,10(4):125-311

Anisotropy in the arrival directions of cosmic rays with energies above 10¹⁷ eV is studied using data from the Akeno 20 km² array and the Akeno Giant Air Shower Array (AGASA), using a total of about 114 000 showers observed over 11 years. In the first harmonic analysis, we have found a strong anisotropy of 4% around 10¹⁸ eV, corresponding to a chance probability of 0.2% after taking the number of independent trials into account. with two-dimensional analysis in right ascension and declination, this anisotropy is interpreted as an excess of showers near the directions of the Galactic Center and the Cygnus region.  相似文献   

气流中跃移颗粒的受力分析   总被引：14，自引：1，他引：13  

杨保  邹学勇  王周龙  董光荣  刘玉璋 《地理科学》1999,19(5):475-478

气流中颗粒跃移过程中受力分析及其运动机理的研究在发展风沙物理学理论方面具有重要的意义,长期以来,受实验条件和实验手段的限制,关于此方面的认识还不统一,采用高速频闪摄影技术,在计算跃移颗粒各运动参数的基础上,反推出跃移颗粒的阻力系数和升力系数,并将颗粒所受的阻力,升力和重力进行了比较,结果表明,阻力最重要,重力次之,升力也不可忽略,它占重力的２０％以上,利用数值计算方法,得出了颗粒的跃移运动轨迹,与  相似文献